The easiest places to find mineables are as follows:
FPS MINEABLES
Caves
Moons
Planets
GROUND VEHICLE MINEABLES
Moons
Planets
Caves (accessibility of deposits might make mining difficult with a ground vehicle, and finding a cave you can fly into with a ship and land is difficult)
SHIP MINEABLES
Asteroid fields (lagrange points and asteroid mining bases)
Aaron Halo in Stanton (Cornerstone's guide: cstone.space/resources/knowledge-base/36)
Yela's asteroid belt in Stanton (can be dangerous b/c of GrimHex proximity)
Glaciem Ring (can be dangerous b/c it's outside of monitored space)
Moons
Planets
You can now view potential mineables that can be found on various planets through the Starmap! This includes potential: ship mineables, hand mineables, harvestables (crafting materials you can pick up by hand), and creatures/fauna. This only applies to planets and moons, however, not to space-based locations like mining bases or asteroid fields. **ground vehicle mineables are not currently listed, despite finding some on Hurston that are not listed in the screenshot**
Screenshot from 4.6
To find mineables you will need to use your radar ping [tab] to scan for unknown contacts or caves. Keep pinging as you get closer to an unknown contact to make it known.
Unknown Contact
Cave
Scanning for resources, fauna, or caves is unfortunately usually the most time consuming part of mining or resource collection. As you ping, pay attention to the distances at which your radar contacts become unknown vs known (when you can see what the contact actually is on radar). I would love to give you a very clear across-the-board answer for detection ranges, but it's a little more complicated than that. Here are a few things to consider:
A very poorly advertised aspect of radars is that in addition to their ability to detect Infrared (IR), Electromagnetic (EM), and Cross-section (CS, which is now on ping only as of 4.7, not passive), radars also have a RESOURCE (RS) sensitivity.
While resources may have other attributes (IR/EM/CS) besides their "resource" attribute, your radar's resource sensitivity has the greatest affect in determining how far away you can see both resources and caves. (dev post on this topic)
If you want to view compare RS stats, check out SP Viewer (to view all radars) or Erkul (to view stats by ship) - higher RS rating is better
Here are some *general* guidelines for resource detection (subject to frequent change, and affected by your radar as described above):
Fauna: ~2.4km unknown | 1.5km known
Harvestables: ~8.0-12.0km unknown | ~1.0km known
FPS Mineables: 1.0km unknown | 0.1km known (unable to confirm if these are still accurate because I couldn't find any during my testing)
Ground Vehicle Mineables: 8.0-11.0km unknown | 2.5-4.0km known
Ship Mineables: 9.0-12.0km unknown | 3.0-4.0km known
In asteroid fields, you'll be detecting ship mineables, salvage panels, or abandoned ships. When looking for mineables, the same rules apply - ping with [tab] to find unknown contacts and then get closer (and keep pinging) to see what the asteroid is.
Unlike on moon or planet surfaces, asteroids have "types" not names. Get closer and switch to mining mode [middle mouse click] to scan it.
In 4.1 CIG split FPS and Ground Vehicle mineables to prevent overlap of resources into each category (Hathor mineables excluded). This made it easier to know which mineables correspond to either method, but also made engaging in all of the different mining loops a bit of a requirement if you need to collect many materials for crafting. In the patch watch post they explain which mineables are in either category, while also varying the difficulty level between them to have a more defined progression path from beginner to expert.
There are other mineables besides what is listed above, and other difficulty tiers (medium expert and medium professional)
FPS Mineables
Aphorite (easy | beginner)
Dolivine (medium | beginner)
Hadanite (hard | beginner)
Janalite (medium | expert)
Flowstone (unknown difficulty)
Ground Vehicle Mineables
Beradom (easy | beinner)
Glacosite (medium | beginner)
Feynmaline (hard | beginner)
Hathor Mining Facility Exclusives
Carinite
Jaclium
Saldynium
(Mineable via FPS or Ground Vehicle)
Ship Mineables (Asteroid Types)
Type I - Inert
Type C - Corundum
Type S - Silicate
Type P - Phosphorus
Type M - Metal
Type Q - Quantainium
Type E - Exotic
Ship Mineables (Asteroid and Surface)
Ice (most common)
Aluminum
Iron
Silicon
Copper
Corundum
Quartz
Tin
Hepaestanite
Torite
Agricium
Tungsten
Titanium
Ship Mineables (continued)
Aslarite
Laranite
Bexalite
Gold
Borase
Taranite
Beryl
Lindinium
Riccite
Ouratite
Savrilium
Stileron
Quantainium (least common)
REGARDING QUANTAINIUM - Raw quantainium is a highly volatile mineral that will explode your ship if you do not get it to a refinery and start the refinement process quickly, and will even explode if your ship is subject to too great a force like landing too hard or bumping into something. There will be a timer on your ship's HUD that shows how much time you have left until the quantainium will explode. If you have not made it to the refinery yet and need to jettison your cargo to save your ship then the default keybind is [left alt]+[J]
If you are new to mining then you are HIGHLY encouraged to avoid extracting quantainium until you have gotten more experience.
Harvestables also show up with radar pings. These are items you can pick up with one hand and store in your backpack. If you have the time, it's beneficial to stop and collect harvestables whenever you come across them as it only takes a few minutes to land and collect all of the harvestables in a small area. If you're looking for specific harvestables, remember to reference the Starmap to see what each planet has.
Degnous Root and Revenant Pods are just two examples of many. Pay attention to where the radar pings are before exiting your ship as you can't see the pings yet while on foot (FPS scanning please...)
Degnous Root
Revenant Pods